Step 5 Reheat to order and place into a pre-heated soup bowl. ” Formative assessment can be administered as an exam. Assessment as learning encourages students to take responsibility for their own learning. Any assessment can be formative or summative – depends when. conducted during the development or improvement of a lesson or lessons. It uses judgment to sort out educational issues. ”. ELA students research the southern foods mentioned in Harper Lee's novel and bring a dish for a full-class tasting. It provides ways for students to use formal and informal feedbackand. Stake, Professor Emeritus of Education at the University of Illinois Formative assessment is the gathering of evidence to inform the next steps for the teacher and learners. to Theal and Franklin (2010), when the cook tastes the soup, that's formative, when the guests taste the soup, that's summative. In what sense is formative assessment compared to “tasting the soup” while summative assessment is “serving the soup”?SHOW Your Learning Artifacts Inside the box, present an illustration showing your idea of an effective school environment through any of these: Descriptive paragraph, photo essay, a sketch or drawing, poem, song, or rap. Identified Q&As 31. c) An achievement test to determine student progress. Its main objective is to determine deficiencies so that the appropriate. Formative Assessment is tasting the soup while cooking Reflect on this and write from BTTE NONE at Isabela State University Learning Episode 12 Activity 12. If you’d like to find out more about our range of assessment services and how we can help your organization, please get in touch at 646-847-3309 or. Dr. Pages 4. ensure that the goals of the instruction are being achieved. Educational researcher Robert Stake explains the difference between formative and summative assessment with the following analogy: When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative. (originally posted on Medium) This Edutopia Tweet got me thinking about how formative/summative assessment process are defined and perceived. During the 1980s and 1990s, educational researchers continued to expand on the ideas and theories proposed, and use of the term “formative. The assessment of teaching and learning can be viewed as two complementary. “When the cook tastes the soup,” writes Robert E. You can do some taste testing while you’re cooking it, but once the guests have it, you cannot change anything. " The Edutopia comparison in the graphic. Similar to how you can judge how salty a soup is by tasting it and whether it tastes better or not, formative assessment will. While formative assessment is not necessarily a new tool, it is becoming increasingly popular amongst K-12 educators across all subject levels. ” REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. has a completely different diet, grading is very complex and time consuming for staff. Reflect on this and write your reflection Answer : Formative assessment is like tasting the soup while cooking. But if the assessment is not a traditional quiz, it falls within the category of alternative assessment. Post on 22-May-2018. When a customer tastes the soup, that’s summative assessment. Reflect on this and write your reflections. General appearance Your task was to: design a soup. 1 INTRODUCTION. " (Evaluation Thesaurus 1991 p. weeks, the learner sits for a test and then the teacher marks the test and assigns a score. Total views 100+ Bicol University. The instruction cycle consists of: 1) setting the intended learning outcome/s, 2) selecting a teaching methodology, strategy. Reflect on this and write your reflections. Or as assessment expert Paul Black put it, “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment. Here is a list of quick and challenging formative assessments you can use anytime. Activity 1. In cooking, we taste the soup while cooking it to ensure that the taste is good and it is edible. 169) Cite Similar questions and discussionsFormative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. But, just as that chef can respond to input from the customer, the teacher can respond to indicators from summative assessments that also inform the student and the teacher in the long run. Peer feedback and self-assessment. ”. In a not-so-thinly veiled metaphor, think of making the soup as your teaching. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. When the customer tastes the soup, that’s summative assessment. Items students not achieving targets Reasons Follow-up Overall performance • Passing rate at 40% with highest score of 76 and the lowest score of 15 out of 100 • a challenging paper for most of the studentsFIELD STUDY 1 LEARNING EPISODE Assessment FOR Learning and Assessment AS Learning (Formative Assessment) FS 1 12 SPARK Your Interest Assessment is an essential part of the instructional cycle. A celebration of integrating creative movement, visual arts, drama, poetry, music, plus storytelling into everyday teaching practices since 2006. Assessment as learning D. Snapshots of peer tutoring or other activities that show formative. " "As the cook, or teacher, we need to stop and taste the soup before we move forward with instruction. a subject-matter-valid test of knowledge of driving rules is appropriate while a predictively valid test would assess. This brief explains how formative assessment can contribute to improving learning and what recurring challenges affect its implementation. Alternative formative assessment (AFA). For formative assessment, why is peer tutoring in class sometimes seen to be more effective than teacher himself/herself doing the re-teaching or tutoring? 6. In cooking, we taste the soup while cooking it to ensure that the taste is good and it is edible. Formative assessment enables students to see how they can improve. Scriven, 1991, p. A summative assessment, seeks to monitor educational outcomes, often for purposes of external accountability. 169). We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Provides students with the tools to take control of their own learning, i. Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. View full document. 169)”One shift is to put the instructional time on video as a flipped lesson. ” Robert E. Formative evaluation and Summative evaluation. Briefly describe the characteristics of that food. REFLECTION Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Formative assessment helps assure that foundations being built upon enable the student to continue knowledge building through the hierarchy of Blooms Taxonomy into rich critical thinking. A nice analogy is that formative assessment is when the chef tastes the soup, while summative assessment is when the guests do. An ongoing cycle of formative assessment supports both the correction and strengthening of new learning. Or, formative assessment occurs when I go to the doctor for a physical, whereas summative assessment occurs when I get an autopsy. maxim: When the cook tastes the soup it is formative, when the guests taste the soup it is formative. (254) 710-4064. Reflect on this and write your reflections. " That quote is the best way to remember the definition and importance of formative assessment. Summative assessments are often high stakes, which means that they have a high point value. Reflect on this and write your reflections. Ex: Survey forms. Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. - It means that as a teacher we need to make that the students understand the lesson before we proceed to a new lesson. " — Bob StakeHere’s an answer that paints a picture: “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative but when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. "When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment. They may. • Several formats are available like MCQs and essays…. learning goals. Enrichment Activity 1. It talks about the product, while formative assessment talks about the process. Box 97189. My Analysis My analysis about the class that I have observed is that, when we say formative assessment involves tasting the soup while it's cooking, we mean that it's used to examine or monitor students' progress while the teaching learning. School Saint Jude Thaddeus Institute of Technology - Surigao City; Course Title PSY RESEARCH P; Uploaded By ProfessorCrocodile3235. This formative feedback is crucial for improving knowledge, skills, and understanding, and is also a. Formative assessments are any measures or indicators a teacher uses during a lesson to monitor what students know and do not know. More specifically, formative assessments: help students identify their strengths and weaknesses and target areas. None. ' Reflect on this and write your reflections. Formative assessment, often referred to as ‘assessment for learning. Understanding the science behind learning and memory can help teachers understand why formative assessment is an effective teaching technique. Similarly, we check on students’ progress and understanding while on the teaching-learning. The Edutopia comparison in the graphic above works pretty well too: “Formative=tasting the soup/Summative=eating the soup. 07/25/2013 Presenters have no relevant disclosures or conflicts of interest. After a period of work, e. Experts in Adapting Assessments for Diverse Student Populations. Formative assessment in “when the cook tastes the soup while summative assessment is when the guest tastes the soup. Alternatively, if the purpose of assessing present achievement was formative from the very beginning and the purpose is what 7 determines if an assessment is summative or formative, every test or. Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Assessment for learning C. Tip #1: Before making a whole pot of soup, sample the soup; Summative vs formative assessments; Examples of formative and summative assessments; Effective feedback on formative assessments; Instructor and learner benefits; Tip #2: Keep flies out of the soup; Swat the flies away; Provide support for your students; Eliminate a few. Japanese cooking has unobtrusive light flavors. Formative assessment is similar to tasting what must be done as you progress through the learning process. Yes, do as professional chefs do - give it a real raste, not such a small taste that it's only a "lick". While formative assessments help teachers identify learning needs and problems, in many. Like in the students learning, we will never know what lacks to them unless we do a formative assessment. When the guests taste the soup that’s summative. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. A teacher can track his students' progress using formative assessment, and if something goes wrong, he can make a decision and adjust his teaching to improve his students' performance. But he became more serious when he was later. EDUCATION 1. My accomplished observation sheet. ”)THE PROBLEM Formative assessment (FA) improves teaching and learning, but. Formative assessment is “when the cook tastes the soup while summative is when the quest taste the soup. B. It can help teachers plan their instruction more effectively, identify and address students’ misconceptions, and monitor students’ progress. In cooking, we will never know the taste of our effort unless we taste it while it is still in the process of boiling itself in its purest. A summative assessment, seeks to monitor educational outcomes, often for purposes of external accountability. Match case Limit results 1 per page. Stake, Professor Emeritus of Education at the University of Illinois Summative assessment explained Summative assessment aims to evaluate student learning and academic achievement at the end of a term, year or semester by comparing. Ryan T, French S, Kennedy G (2021) Stud High Educ 46, 1383–1394. Reflect on this and write your reflections. 0. This type of evaluation focuses on the. Formative assessment is an assessment conducted to monitor students’ progress throughout the lesson. “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment; when the customer tastes. Reflect on this and write your reflections. When the cook tastes the soup, thats formative assessment; when the customer tastes the soup, thats summative assessment . “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative evaluation. 169). f Evaluate Your Work Task Field Study 1, Episode 12 – Assessment FOR Learning and Assessment AS Learning. Formative assessment is similar to tasting what must be done as you. By then, as the students taste the soup they will able to tell to the cook if the food is good or not. I’ve heard several metaphors for formative/summative assessment processes, and they are all pretty good: “Formative = check up/Summative=autopsy. Finished and is not changed. It’s difficult to incorporate making into the curriculum while still maintaining integrity to the standards. This is manifested when learnerreflect of their own adjustments so that they achieve deeper understanding. The test aims to summarize learning up to. The teacher, like the soap, should taste the soup before the students do. We need to be creative and design instructions so that students could choose whether to reset and. 1-Minute Check In – Check in with every student in the class for one minute throughout the day to see how they are feeling about their tasks. In teaching and learning process assessments are very much important. Assessment as learning encourages students to take responsibility for their own learning. One way to think about this is to liken it to a chef tasting his food before sending it to the customer. edu. ” A good example is this: Formative assessment is when the chef tastes the soup; summative assessment is when the customers taste the soup. 169). ) As teachers are talking they are watching their students’ facial expressions and body movements. The instruction cycle consists of: 1) setting the intended learning outcome/s, 2) selecting a teaching methodology, strategy and activity. After a period of work, e. Summative assessments are for learning while formative evaluations are for learning. A chef generally tastes their soup many times before they. When the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. Well its exactly what is in education formative assessment is in the form of asking question during the discussion to understand and monitor if the students have learned something if the lesson have been understand and adapt within a certain. While summative assessment evaluates students’ skills and competencies at the end of a. program activities are in progress. Responsive Translation specializes in the translation, adaptation, validation and review of assessments. (P. . Former Principal, K. D. "[2] Formative evaluation can take many forms. Reflect on this and write your reflections. Study Resources. (2019) explained that the formative evaluation process utilizes data from media, instruction, and learner. Patients self-reporting taste deficit might overlap it with ortho/retronasal olfactory or trigeminal dysfunction. With each taste she is assessing her soup, and using that feedback to change or improve it - in other words, the cook is engaging in formative assessment. 4. to be concerned with formative assessment. Arts & Humanities English. Assessment comes in two forms: formative and summative. NET shared under a Creative Commons (BY-SA) license. Formative assessment is an assessment conducted for monitoring students’ progress throughout the lesson. Lesson Plan Format PASS/Oklahoma Academic Standards Bloom's Taxonomy Action Verbs. Summative assessment. From the line,. When the guests taste the soup, that's summative. ). To quote assessment expert Paul Black: "When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative assessment. ”. Formative assessments can take the form of diagnostic, standardized tests, quizzes, oral questions, or draft work. By Jose Suzuki Santos in Week 07 (M3) June 19, 2015. Pages 12 This preview shows page 10 - 12 out of 12 pages. •Shouls you record results of formative assessment? Why or Why not? Activity 12. Introduction. have come to be known as formative assessments, as opposed to large-scale standardized testing, which is a form of summative assessment. Formative assessment refers to tools that identify misconceptions, struggles, and learning gaps along the way and assess how to close those gaps. Hattie, 2009). School Bestlink College of the Philipines; Course Title BSED 2A; Uploaded By ProfCat4038. Directions: Answer the given question. Based on its promising potential for enhancing student learning (Black & Wiliam, 1998), formative. One way to think about this is to liken it to a chef tasting his food before he sends it out to the customer. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Cooking is like learning. Let’s begin. while an assessment as learning on the lens of the learner Formative assessment can be. that the teacher then reviews and comments on. Which assessment is likened to tasting the soup while in the process of cooking the soup? A. mentorship is utilised as an assessment and feedback tool, there is a strong association with effective clinical development in both the nursing and paramedic professions (Sibson & Mursell. Ryan T, French S, Kennedy G (2021) Stud High Educ 46, 1383–1394. Reflect on this and write your reflections. It is assessment in the midst of instruction. ” Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. com To begin, I want to share my favorite analogy for understanding the differences between two major types of assessment: formative and summative. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IS “WHEN THE COOK TASTES THE SOUP WHILE SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT IS WHEN THE GUEST TASTES THE SOUP. EDUC 102- ASSSESSMENT OF LEARNING FIRST QUIZ 1. Formative assessment is when the cook tastes the soup while summative assessment is when the guest tastes the soup”. Stake, “that's formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. 1. When we say formative assessment involves tasting the soup while it's cooking, we mean that it's used to examine or monitor students' progress while the teaching learning process is in progress. Similar to how you can judge how salty a soup is by tasting it and whether it tastes better or not, formative assessment will reveal what the learner's knowledge is lacking and what it is plentiful in. PED 107-LEARNING ASSESSMENT 2 MODULE 10 V. _____7. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Formative assessment is likened to a chef who tastes the soup while summative is when the visitors taste the soup. ” (Scriven, 1991, p. Stake (M. This is commonly referred to as assessment for learning or AfL. 1. ". It is beneficial to know each student's progress in learning the. Formative assessment is used to assess or track students'. e. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines. Summative assessments, often called “unit tests,” are typically given at the end of units or courses of study. Explain the following terms and relate them to formative assessment. docx. “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. My accomplished Observation Sheet 2. Theorist and practitioner Robert Stake explained, “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup,. The leading researcher on formative assessments, Paul Black, wrote: “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment;. them and using them to inform next moves’ (p. 1. All tests are forms of assessments, but not all assessments are tests: Which definition of assessment given F to support this statement? Assessment is a process of evaluation is described collecting, reviewing and using data. Reflect on this and write your reflections. It is to serve a purpose to assess formative assessment such as the continuing learning experiences of a chef that involve in the process cooking their dishes that able to fine tune the taste of the cuisine before it is serve for the customer or to assess summative assessment of the ended learning experience based on the final exam result and. That analogy comes from an Edutopia article titled “Dipsticks: Efficient Ways to. Cooking a soup is a perfect representation of formative assessment. Types of summative & formative assessment. Hence, it is NOT the instrument (tasting) that is formative and summative it is the timing. BTTE. When trying to encompass every conceivable way of using assessment data to support student learning, some ways that are not very likely to have any positive effects will also be. Reflect formative assessment is tasting the soup. References 1. process. My last post gave some ideas for pre-assessing students, which is a form of formative assessment. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The detail and precision here have been found essential, because many teachers andAdditional info. Should you record results of formative assessment? Why or why not? 2. While assessment can take a wide variety of forms in education, the following descriptions provide a representative overview of a few major forms of educational assessment. ” Robert E. summarizes the development of learners at a particular time. EDUCATION. The cook is. ”. A nice analogy is that formative assessment is when the chef tastes the soup, while summative assessment is when the guests do. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IS “WHEN THE COOK TASTES - Studocu The guest will therefore evaluate your produ ction. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Question 1 List six food categories/types and give an example of one food from each category. A celebration of integrating artists movement, visual skills, drama, song, music, additionally storytelling into every teaching practices since 2006. Should you record results of formative assessment? Why or why not? 2. In what sense is formative assessment compared to “tasting the soup” while summative assessment is “serving the soup”? Ans. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. In the same way, formative assessment is an opportunity for students to reflect and identify, with their teacher’s help, how to move forward before their summative assessment. It is like tasting the soup while it is cooking, because you are adding ingredients to achieve the desired taste. It is expressed in quantity like 5 kilos of food items. Snapshots of peer tutoring or other activities that show. References 1. “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative. Formative Assessments "Tasting the soup. When we say formative assessment involves tasting the soup while it's cooking, we mean that it's used to examine or monitor students' progress while the teaching- learning process is in progress. Students can. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Episode 12 Assessment FOR Learning and Assessment AS. My Analysis 3. Formative assessment and formative feedback strategies are considered core components for promoting effective learning and instruction in all educational contexts (cf. ” —Robert Stake “How do you know what students know?” is an ever-present question—one best. you are adding spices and ingredients to achieved desired tastes, just like when. This study, a post hoc observational one, attempted to determine if career and technical education (CTE) students in the state of Mississippi would academically benefit from taking multiple formative assessments in an online format prior to completing their summative exams. What is a formative assessment? When the customer tastes the soup, that's summative assessment. In other words, formative assessments are for learning, while summative assessments are of learning. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. This assessment is conducted to find out what students have learned and what they still need to learn. , tasting the soup) can be interpreted and used for both forms of assessment. Log in Join. Should you record results of formative assessment? Why or why not? SHOW YOUR LEARNING ARTIFACTS 1. Because the delicious soup is cooked by tasting it, to see if it tastes goods. Expert Help. Carmen HO (Curriculum Leader) KK KEUNG (English Panel Head) Della NG (Curriculum Leader) Lisa YEUNG (English Panel Head) Connie WONG (English Panel Head) Edmond HO (Curriculum Leader). I have also uncovered a hugely useful quote by Paul Black which says that ‘When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment; when the customer tastes the soup, thats summative assessment. “Formative assessment is when the cook tastes the soup while summative assessment is when the guest tastes the soup – Paul Black. PRINCIPLES OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1. and it is likewise with the purpose of formative assessment, wherein to see if the students really understand the lesson like a perfect soup tastes like. Formative assessments provide a valuable tool to guide outside-the-classroom learning in a flipped classroom. Formative assessment is “when the cook tastes the soup” while summative assessment is. Enrichment Activity 1. Total views 100+ Isabela State University. Qualifications such as GCSE and A level are very summative. Paul Black 3. atl@baylor. Central Philippine State University - Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental. Formative assessments are a method of assessing pupils whilst learning is happening, rather than waiting until the end of a term or topic. (If you want to work in a little meatiness, start the pot off with 4 ounces finely diced bacon or pancetta and 2 tablespoons of water over low heat. ”. Should you record results of formative assessment? Why or why not? SHOW your Learning Artifacts. My Accomplished observation sheet 2. Students also studied The below test includes 10 questions, randomly selected from a large inventory. Doc Preview. 3. determines whether or not the intended learning outcome has been attained. Because before the cook is going to serve the soup he made it is necessary for him to taste the dish so that he may be able to know the right amount of savory is in the soup before serving to the guest. Robert Stakes is quoted as saying, "When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative. 1 Overweight is caused by a period of sustained excess food intake relative to energetic need. Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking, meaning that formative assessment is applied during the teaching-learning process and not after the discussion. ’? The sense of formative assessment compared to “testing the soup” while summative assessment is “serving the soup” means that in formative assessment the teacher must know the ability of his/her. When the guests taste the soup, that’s summative evaluation” Bob Stake 1991. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. “When the cook tastes the soup that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. Reflect on this and write your reflections. Both cooking and learning is a process that needs different ingredients to perfect the results. ” (Scriven 1981). Published: April 28th, 2021. Formative assessment is referring to a tasting the soup because in this type of assessment there is a trial-and-error process happening where it gives additional. It’s a. Ethics – ensuring the assessment process is honest and moral and takes into account confidentiality and integrity. F. Formative assessment is a proven technique for improving student learning, and the strategies shared here by Jay McTighe work both in the classroom and remotely. Part of the learning process. The distinction between the two methods is expressed by one pundit in the saying, "When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative assessment; when the customer tastes the soup, that's summative. Summative assessment (or Summative evaluation) refers to the assessment of the learning and summarizes the development of learners at a particular time. “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. their instruction. formative assessment related to food records. Most questions will be different each time you take the test, You mustanswer at least 9 out of 10 questions correctlyto. What are the forms of formative assessments that you have observed in the. Summative assessments are typically done at the end of something. Or as assessment expert Paul Black put it, “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment. Formative assessment is similar to tasting what must be done as you progress through the learning process. Step 6 Blend – but be careful of the heat. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT SITXINV002 Maintain the. , tasting the soup) can be interpreted and used for both forms of assessment. org). ”. "When the cook tastes the soup thats formative assessment, when the customer tastes the soup, that summative assessment. To make a delicious and outstanding soup, the chief cook will keep tasting the soup and if he/she discovers that the taste is still lacking, he/she will add some seasoning or adjust until he/she achieves the taste he/she was. Items students not achieving targets Reasons Follow-up Overall performance • Passing rate at 40% with highest score of 76 and the lowest score of 15 out of 100 • a challenging paper for most of the students "As the cook, or teacher, we need to stop and taste the soup before we move forward with instruction. Formative assessments can take the form of diagnostic, standardized tests. Forming next steps in learning. Formative assessments help teachers identify concepts that students are struggling to understand, skills they are having difficulty. School Vellore Institute of Technology; Course Title SCSE 1152CS101; Uploaded By KidAntPerson574. ” It means that when a cook tastes the soup, she is primarily interested in getting information that will help her know if she needs to modify the soup before it is done and cannot be changed. Angway BSED IV Show your learning artifacts 1. " ~ Paul Black, frequently cited as a forefather of formative assessment research Flickr photo used by KOREA. Formative assessment is "when the cook tastes the soup” while summative assessment is “when the guest tastes the soup. An even simpler example: “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative. " — Bob StakeREFLECT • Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. *explain the importance of formative assessment. Formative Assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. EDUCATION BEED101Reflect Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking Reflect on this. Assessment in learning D. While, formative assessment is constantly checking street signs, your GPS and turning appropriately. I’ve heard several metaphors for formative/summative assessment processes, and they are all pretty good: “Formative = check up/Summative=autopsy. Meaning, if we don’t taste test it, the result is unsure whether it tastes good or not. Demonstrate knowledge of the design and use of formative assessment; and Explain the importance of formative assessment. Formative Assessment is for the purpose of improving learning or teaching while it is going on. ” Formative assessments are not unit tests, pop quizzes or. q Contain a selection of vegetables and help with the ’ 5 a day goal Aroma Texture q Have interesting flavour combinations. A chef generally tastes their soup many times before they determine. But if the assessment is not a traditional quiz, it falls within the category of alternative assessment. The word ‘summative’ denotes finality and conclusion. Reflect on this and write your reflections. • Yes Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. With learner. Reflect on this and write your reflections. Summative and Formative Assessment When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. These formative assessments are informal yet revealing.